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THE CRUSADES
The crusades were campaign’s done by the military in the middle age and were sanctioned by the Catholic Church. In 1095 there was a growing threat from the Turkish, and Alexios I who was the Byzantine emperor then, sent an emissary to the pope to plead for military help. The pope Urban II responded instantly by organizing catholic soldiers became part of the first crusade, aiming at guarantying access to the pilgrim of the holy land which was under the control of the Muslims as his immediate goal. But he had a long term goal of reuniting the Christendom’s of the western and eastern branches which had split in 1054. The crusades went on for almost 200 years which was a complex struggle.
The Crusaders
These were constituted of hundreds of thousands of faithful’s of the Roman Catholic Church from all walks of life; nations of west Europe and different classes. They had to take a public vow, receive plenary indulgence since the pope had claimed the forgiveness of sin to anyone who participated. This participation also satisfied feudal obligations and provided political and economic opportunities for gain.
The crusaders pillaged territories they passed through and leaders never returned the lands to Byzantine.
People’s Crusade
This was the prelude to the first crusade which lasted for six months from April to October 1096. This crusade was also called the peasants/paupers/popular crusade; it wasn’t the official organized expedition by the Catholic Church. It was led by peter hermit who used the force of Walter Sans Avoir.
Peter Hermit was a charismatic monk who was a spiritual leader and dress simply and rode a donkey who claimed to have been appointed by Christ himself. His army was believed to be made up of illiterate and incompetent peasants who had no objective.
The First Crusade
This was started in 1096-1099 and was the first in a number of crusades geared towards the capture of the Holy Lands. This was called for by pope Urban II who started the pilgrimage from western Christendom with an aim of regaining the holy lands which had been taken by the Muslim conquest in 1099 and was launched on November 27th 1095. Peasants, serfs and knights, from different nations in Western Europe, travelled by land and sea, to Constantinople headed to Jerusalem. On arriving at Jerusalem the crusaders, attacked and captured Jerusalem in 1099 massacring Christians, Jewish and Muslims found in the city. The crusaders created crusader states in Jerusalem; Antioch, Edessa and Tripoli.
This first crusade was important in that it reopened international trade with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. There were other crusades from 2nd to 9th but the 1st crusade was mainly focused of Jerusalem.
Second Crusade
The second crusade was carried out on 1145 to 1149 and was launched in Europe. It was to respond to the collapse of county of Edessa to Zengi forces. The county of Edessa was founded during the first crusade by Baldwin and held the title of the first crusader state and first to fall. This second crusade was called for by Pope Eugene III and was led by kings Conrad III of German and Louis VII. The armies never marched together and on entering Anatolia they were defeated by Seljuk Turks.
The Crusader States
Four crusader states were established with the first crusade in the East of the Mediterranean; the county of Tripoli, count of Edessa, kingdom of Jerusalem and principality of Antioch. The kingdom of Armenian although had been formed earlier, was made a kingdom by pope innocent II and was later to be modernized by the French.
The fourth Crusade, a Latin empire was established and it controlled a quarter of byzantine, part of Constantinople, and part of Venice and whatever was left is what was given to the other leaders.